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The paper revisits the issue of poverty-specific purchasing power parities (PPPs), using the most recent (2011) International Comparison Program (ICP) results. The World Bank's global poverty count uses a common international poverty line-currently USD 1.90 at 2011 international prices-based on the ICP PPPs for consumption. The use of these PPPs is often criticized for two reasons. First, the ICP PPPs are based on patterns of aggregate household consumption, not the consumption of the poor. Second, the basket of goods and services used for collecting prices for the ICP is not poverty specific. On the first issue, using data from 28 African countries, the paper concludes that the poverty-specific PPPs estimated with household expenditure survey weights are very similar to the ICP PPPs. On the second issue, poverty-specific PPPs were estimated after removing items deemed to be irrelevant for the poor. The overall effect of removing these items from consumption PPPs is shown to be negligible.

Poverty Measurement --- PPPS --- Price Indexes --- Purchasing Power Parities

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How can a society’s well-being be measured to include not only average incomes but also their distribution? How can the effects of policies be assessed by considering both equity and efficiency? This primer outlines the seminal contributions of influential economists of the past, including Arthur Okun, who developed a simple method to elicit people’s preferences regarding redistribution, and Anthony Atkinson, who showed how equity and efficiency can be measured simultaneously and summarized in a single, intuitive index expressed in monetary units (such as dollars). These methods are applied to recent data to gauge how countries fare when both mean incomes and their distribution are considered together, and to a hypothetical tax-and-transfer scheme assessed through a general equilibrium model for household-level data.

Foreign Exchange --- Macroeconomics --- Externalities --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Macroeconomics: Consumption --- Saving --- Wealth --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Personal income --- Income inequality --- Income distribution --- Purchasing power parity --- Consumption --- National accounts --- Income --- Economics --- United States

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The world of money is being transformed as households and organizations face changing economies, and new currencies and payment systems like Bitcoin and Apple Pay gain ground. What is money, and how do we make sense of it? Money Talks is the first book to offer a wide range of alternative and unexpected explanations of how social relations, emotions, moral concerns, and institutions shape how we create, mark, and use money. This collection brings together a stellar group of international experts from multiple disciplines-sociology, economics, history, law, anthropology, political science, and philosophy-to propose fresh explanations for money's origins, uses, effects, and future.Money Talks explores five key questions: How do social relationships, emotions, and morals shape how people account for and use their money? How do corporations infuse social meaning into their financing and investment practices? What are the historical, political, and social foundations of currencies? When does money become contested, and are there things money shouldn't buy? What is the impact of the new twenty-first-century currencies on our social relations?At a time of growing concern over financial inequality, Money Talks overturns conventional views about money by revealing its profound social potential.

Money --- Currency --- Monetary question --- Money, Primitive --- Specie --- Standard of value --- Social aspects. --- Political aspects. --- Exchange --- Finance --- Value --- Banks and banking --- Coinage --- Currency question --- Gold --- Silver --- Silver question --- Wealth --- Economics --- Social aspects --- Political aspects --- Sociological aspects --- E-books --- Economic sociology --- Socio-economics --- Socioeconomics --- Sociology of economics --- Sociology --- Money. --- SOCIAL SCIENCE / Sociology / General. --- Sociological aspects. --- Australia. --- Bitcoin. --- Bretton Woods. --- China. --- Geoffrey Ingham. --- Indian migrants. --- Russia. --- US Financial Diaries. --- Viviana Zelizer. --- alternative currency. --- asset valuation. --- business money. --- capitalism. --- capitalization. --- charitable giving. --- charity contributions. --- commercial exchanges. --- commercial surrogates. --- complementary currency. --- constitutional approach. --- corporations. --- credit cards. --- credit. --- currency. --- domestic economy. --- donations. --- double-entry bookkeeping. --- earmarking income. --- earmarks. --- economic sociology. --- economic theory. --- egg donor. --- emotion. --- emotional labor. --- emotions. --- finance. --- financial inequality. --- fungibility. --- fungible money. --- gender difference. --- generalized capitalization. --- immateriality. --- industrial money. --- internal design. --- international gold standard. --- international monetary system. --- investment. --- mental accounting. --- migrant remittances. --- mirage. --- modern currency. --- monetary analysis. --- monetary differentiation. --- monetary forms. --- monetary practices. --- monetary valuation. --- money flow. --- money. --- moral judgments. --- morals. --- nationalism. --- nonfungibility. --- organizational budgeting. --- paid donations. --- plastic money. --- public authority. --- purchasing power. --- relational accounting systems. --- sociability. --- social impact. --- social life. --- social meaning. --- social relationships. --- sperm donor. --- transnational money. --- win-lose exchanges. --- world monetary union.

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The world has become increasingly separated into the haves and have-nots. In The Culture of Contentment, renowned economist John Kenneth Galbraith shows how a contented class-not the privileged few but the socially and economically advantaged majority-defend their comfortable status at a cost. Middle-class voting against regulation and increased taxation that would remedy pressing social ills has created a culture of immediate gratification, leading to complacency and hampering long-term progress. Only economic disaster, military action, or the eruption of an angry underclass seem capable of changing the status quo. A groundbreaking critique, The Culture of Contentment shows how the complacent majority captures the political process and determines economic policy.

Free enterprise --- Poor --- Social values. --- Since 1980 --- United States --- United States. --- Economic policy --- Economic conditions --- Social conditions --- Foreign relations --- Adam Smith. --- Communism. --- Contented Electoral Majority. --- Contented Majority. --- Democratic Party. --- Eastern Europe. --- Franklin D. Roosevelt. --- New Deal. --- Republican Party. --- Ronald Reagan. --- Western Europe. --- acquisitions. --- arms buildup. --- bureaucracy. --- bureaucratic syndrome. --- capitalism. --- common purpose. --- communism. --- complacency. --- consumers. --- contentment. --- corporations. --- costs. --- crime. --- defense spending. --- democracy. --- depression. --- economic accommodation. --- economic advantage. --- economic discomfort. --- economic life. --- economic policies. --- economic power. --- economic well-being. --- economically advantaged. --- economics. --- effective demand. --- electoral politics. --- external authority. --- financial devastation. --- fiscal policy. --- foreign policy. --- functional underclass. --- government. --- have nots. --- haves. --- immediate gratification. --- immigrants. --- incomes. --- industrial economy. --- inflation. --- inner cities. --- international relations. --- laissez faire. --- loan scandal. --- macroeconomic policy. --- macroeconomic regulation. --- media. --- mergers. --- middle-class voting. --- military action. --- military power. --- military spending. --- military. --- monetarism. --- monetary policy. --- money. --- organization power. --- political behavior. --- political economy. --- politics of contentment. --- politics. --- poor. --- private sector. --- public budget. --- public expenditures. --- public services. --- purchasing power. --- recession. --- recreation. --- regulation. --- resentment. --- savings scandal. --- security. --- self-regard. --- social advantage. --- social disorder. --- social exclusion. --- social unrest. --- socially advantaged. --- supply-side economics. --- tax policy. --- tax reductions. --- taxation. --- the poor. --- thought. --- time. --- underclass revolt. --- underclass. --- urban slums. --- violence. --- war. --- wealth. --- welfare state. --- well-being.